subsoil

When poor soil aeration, high soil resistance, and high and low hydraulic conductivity are all included as limiting factors to soil-water availability (Table 5), the IWCs for the clay subsoils from both Coonalpyn (13 mm [m.sup.-1]) and Bordertown (24 mm [m.sup.-1]) were considerably lower than those for the pure sand at Coonalpyn (46 mm m ') and at Bordertown (64 mm [m.sup.-1]).

Growers, agronomists, and researchers report that these 'hostile subsoils' are a major limiting factor to crop returns, affecting at least half of all grain farms.

The results of the present study on heavy metal sorption in subsoils were compared with early data obtained for parent topsoil samples.

We then parameterized the RECARGA modeling environment according to Wisconsin DNR design recommendations (Wisconsin DNR 2004) for sites with less permeable subsoils, which called for a 7.5 cm (0.25 ft) diameter drainage pipe set between the sandy loam rooting zone (75 cm [2.5 ft] thick) and subsoil zones.

During this period, the plots had developed very different surface residue and soil organic matter characteristics in the top 100 mm of the soil profile, but the subsoils were similar, having been uniformly managed with in-row subsoiling throughout the previous 18 yr (Karlen et al., 1996; Hunt et al., 1996, 1997).

Deserts soils in the Southwest United States may be nutrient poor, but the subsoils below are rich in nitrate according to new research.

(Nettoyage, desinfection et hygiene dans les bio-industries - Leveau, Jean-Yves & Bouix, Marielle - Editions Lavoisier, Collection STAA, September 1999, 548 p, Euro 121.20)*Pollution localisee des sols et des sous-sols par les hydrocarbures et par les solvants chlores (Localised pollution of soils and subsoils by hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents): a report on one of the most common forms of soil and subsoil pollution, involving hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents.

Soil organic C stock in the topsoils and subsoils was calculated thus:

High and low values of pH are an important constraint in surface layers as well as subsoils of northern grains region.